Halle, Germany: Hermann Genesius, 1900. Although no Taiping sources were published in China at the time and the historical basis of the work was weak, it started a long career of the Taiping being mobilized for modern revolutionary (in this case anti-Manchu) propaganda purposes. Scholar Rana Mitter describes the history of the Taiping Rebellion(1850-1864). The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing Dynasty, beginning in 1851 and lasting until 1864. . But also-- and this is one of the things that later got a young man named Mao Zedong very excited-- a new social program. Incorporate these community-building routines into your lessons to set a welcoming tone, allow students to connect with one another, and encourage goal setting. Presents 19 primary source readings important for understanding opium in China beginning with documents from 1836 about the legalization of opium. [20] The government, commanded by ethnic Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt. [19], Meanwhile, the population of China had increased rapidly, nearly doubling between 1766 and 1833, while the amount of cultivated land was stable. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973. Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer. Ho Ping-ti. The Taiping Movement (1851-1864) is the biggest peasant uprising in Chinese history and one of the greatest peasant rebellions in world history. Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (), rebellion () or military ascendancy (). Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that resulted in President read more. "[106], Famine, disease, massacres, and social disruption led to a sharp decline in population, especially in the Yangtze delta region.
How many died in the Chinese Taiping Rebellion? Study Resources. [101][102] Diana Lary, however, in a review-of-the-field article, cited studies that were skeptical of these claims, since the armies created to put down the Taiping operated in a different context from later regional armies. Conservative estimates of the dead in the 14-year Taiping Rebellion in southern China start at between 20 and 30 million. Main Menu; by School; by Literature Title; by Subject; by Study Guides; Ethnically the Taipings defined the Manchu as dragons/demons/devils who were revering the devil and had invaded the heavenly land of China instead of staying in their hell, and it set out to liberate the Chinese brothers and sisters from this scourge and to bring them back to the true Chinese faith in one supreme god. Thanks! Hong believed Western governments sympathized with his movement and he tried to make overtures to them, but European forces eventually aided the Qing government in seizing back what the Taiping had conquered. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the Western powers who were active in China during this period. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. This army would become known as the "Ever Victorious Army", a seasoned and well trained Qing military force commanded by Charles George Gordon, and would be instrumental in the defeat of the Taiping rebels. These two sentences have more or less summed up the prerequisites for a sleeping Han China about to wake up towards the end of the 19th Century. And even the Qing dynasty themselves noted that there had rarely been rebels like this in history who fought so hard and so bloodily. However, the Taiping Rebellion eventually failed, resulting in the . Included are critical perspectives on the ending of more than 2,000 years of imperial rule in China, the Taiping Rebellion, the Opium Wars with Great Britain, the Boxer Rebellion and the events leading up to the1911 Xinhai Revolution, and the subsequent founding of the Republic of China. The landed gentry of the Lower Yangtze region were reduced in numbers and concentration of land ownership was reduced.
Opium - Primary Sources: China - LibGuides at Christopher Newport Finding Printed Copies of Primary Sources Primary source translations that are in the Tricollege libraries will often be listed in Tripod under subject terms using the word "sources" or "early works." Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. Luo Ergang . [100] The traditional Manchu banner forces upon which the Qing dynasty depended failed and were gradually replaced with gentry-organized local armies. Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[104] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. Almost every citizen who had not fled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against Qing imperial forces. Hong Xiuquan declared that God would defend Nanjing, but in June 1864, with Qing forces approaching, he died of food poisoning as a consequence of eating wild vegetables when the city ran low on food supplies. The Taipings were also able to make great progress in the interior as the Manchus concentrated most of their forces against the invading British and French during the second Opium War of 1856-60 . Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. The work draws on a vast range of Chinese-language sources while staying within the PRC master narrative. Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. [45] Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries. But in the end, the Taiping threat to the Qing was finally put down. [36], Soon after Hong began preaching across Guangxi in 1844, his follower Feng Yunshan founded the God Worshipping Society, a movement which followed Hong's fusion of Christianity, Daoism, Confucianism and indigenous millenarianism, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi. These corps were placed into armies of varying sizes. Foreign aggressions and Chinese responses. Numbering in the thousands, the God Worshipping Society grabbed the attention of local authorities who want to end the groups teachings and arrest some of the leaders. Hong Daquan's confession claimed that Hong Xiuquan had made him co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and given him that title, but was more likely an echo of an earlier but unconnected White Lotus Rebellion. [citation needed], During the 19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced a series of famines, natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of foreign powers. Though the destruction of idols was initially welcomed by foreign missionaries, missionaries eventually came to fear the zealotry of the Taiping that they had a hand in creating. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and Wei Changhui routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi).
Taiping Rebellion, Taiping Anti-Manchu Proclamation (1852) - Ebrary Hong's ashes were later blasted out of a cannon in order to ensure that his remains had no resting place as eternal punishment for the uprising. [30] It was only then, prompted by a visit by his cousin, that Hong took time to carefully examine Christian pamphlets he had received from a Protestant Christian missionary several years earlier. [52] Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. Historians debate whether these developments foreshadowed the Warlord Era, the loss of central control after the establishment of Republic of China in 1912.
Friends from afar: The Taiping Rebellion, cultural proximity and The Taiping Rebellion: The Deadliest Civil War You've Never - Grunge The preface claims that they prefigured many Republican institutions. Students explore the idea of community in order to identify its key aspects and deeper meaning.
Opium in Primary Sources - Global History - Boston College Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. He was not waging his rebellion against Han Chinese, instead, he was anti-Qing and he wanted to destroy the Qing government. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. It is unfamiliar with untranslated foreign language sources and scholarship. [115] This expedition was the largest party of Westerners to visit Taiping territories, with the inclusion of many British military personnel, entrepreneurs, missionaries, other unofficial observers and two French representatives. Name: Period: Primary & Secondary Source Analysis - The Opium Wars, the Taiping
Taiping Rebellion - World History They also outlawed the importation of opium into all Taiping territories. Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. [116] According to Boardman the Christian nature of the Taiping opened up the possibility for a more cooperative trade partnership. The gentry, who usually rallied to support a successful rebellion, had been alienated by the radical anti-Confucianism of the Taipings, and they organized under the leadership of Zeng Guofan, a Chinese official of the Qing government. [62] As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like Lai Wenguang were incorporated into Nian ranks. 2d ed. The uprising was commanded by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka (a Han subgroup) and the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. The scholar Jian Youwen is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another. Modern Asian Studies, 138. Iowa City Press Citizen . In the document below, unknown authors lay forth parts of the Taiping economic program. Taiping soldiers carried out widespread massacres of Manchus, the ethnic minority of the ruling Imperial House of Aisin-Gioro. Loud noises and bright lights were used to scare the beast away, and the read more, The Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C. As a consequence of this global entanglement the Taiping and the civil war attracted international attention from the outset. Shi Dakai's objection to the bloodshed led to his family and retinue being killed by Wei and Qin with Wei ultimately planning to imprison Hong. [89], During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. In 1856, a second Opium War broke out with the west, continuing until 1861.
Taiping Rebellion | Detailed Pedia The destruction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also meant that the majority of any records it possessed were destroyed, the percentage of records said to have survived is around 10%. arly during the Taiping rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing . Maochun Yu, "The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution", printed in, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLipman1998 (. As the Qing army begins encircling the Taiping forces, Taiping were unable to feed her large population and thus causing a mass starvation among the people. The Taiping Rebellion began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the God Worshipping Society. Primary sources related to China. [51] Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. [58]) This resulted in the protracted series of conflicts being misnamed the Haw wars. Sino-Hellenic Studies, Comparative Studies of Early China Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Chinese Language, Texts in Pre-Modern East and South-East Asia, Chinese, Unequal Treaties and the Treaty Ports, The, United States-China Relations, 1949-present. The rebellion led to the loss of 17 million lives in the Lower Yangzi, or half of the native population ( Cao, 1998 ). Use these resources to help students bear witness to the events through the voices of Nanjing survivors, reflect on the consequences of human action and . [74] In 1853, Hong Xiuquan invited American missionary Issachar Jacox Roberts to come to Nanking to aid in the administration of his government.
Welcome | Taiping Civil War After the war, migrants flocked to the region and began to coexist with natives. It contains maps, drawings and photographs, and personal accounts of life and work in China throughout the period. It was led by Hung Hsiu-ch'an, a visionary from Guangdong who evolved a political creed and messianic religious ideology influenced by elements of Protestant Christianity. It lasted for some 14 years (1850-64), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The second Taiping rebellion (1850 - 1865) was the most powerful of several great uprisings toward the end of the Manchu dynasty.
EFFECTS OF THE TAIPING REBELLION - Eddusaver [90] After capturing Nanjing, Taiping forces killed about 40,000 Manchu civilians. Tokyo: Zuguo zazhishe, 1904. [114], While some missionaries like Roberts were enthusiastic in the first few years about the Taiping rebellion, Western skepticism existed from the inception of the rebellion.
Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, "Global Trends: Facing up to a Changing World", "Did the Hakka Save China? Taiping Rebellion, (1850-64) Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China. Some Corner of a Chinese Field: The politics of remembering foreign veterans of the Taiping civil war. Hong became convinced the father in his fever dream from years before was the God of Christianity, the older brother was Jesus and the King of Hell was the serpent in the Garden of Eden. Zeng Guofan was astonished when, after the capture of Nanjing, almost 100,000 of the Taiping followers preferred death to capture. https://www.history.com/topics/china/taiping-rebellion. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. It was a millenarian movement led by Hong Xiuquan, who announced that he had received visions in which he learned that he was the younger brother of Jesus. Hong established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (). Hong and some of his followers took to the road, selling writing ink and brushes to fund their travels. [21] Anti-Manchu sentiments were strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup. After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. Matthew White.
The Great Taiping Rebellion: A Story of General Gordon in China Meanwhile, Yang Xiuqing, the Taiping minister of state, attempted to usurp much of the Tianwangs power, and, as a result, Yang and thousands of his followers were slain. [107] However, trade in coastal regions, especially in Guangzhou (Canton) and Ningbo was less affected by violence than trade in inland areas was. [6][7] Rather than supplanting the ruling class, the Taipings sought to upend the moral and social order of China. Gods Chinese Son. It exacerbated ethnic disputes and accelerated the rise of provincial power. Zuo Zongtang from Hunan province was another important Qing general who contributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion.
Taiping Rebellion | Infoplease Using an arrangement taken from that of the Chinese dynastic histories, this work offers a systematic presentation of the authors harvest from his lifelong Taiping tianguo studies. . Another Taiping general, Shi Dakai, began to fear for his life, and he abandoned Hong, taking with him many of the Taiping followers. Historian John King Fairbank compares the Taiping rebels with the communists under Mao Zedong who came to power a century later: In addition to the zeal, vigor, and puritanical discipline so often found in new political movements, they shared certain traditional Chinese interests, such as propagating and maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy, recruiting an elite of talent, realizing a utopian social order, and developing military power based on farmer-soldiers. Most people, of course, wouldn't get to do that. But it did fall. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. [74] In regards to religion, the Kingdom established as official religion Hong's Shenism, which held that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus and second son of the Emperor.
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