It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Two of the most. WEAKNESSES. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Table 9. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Land degradation. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. (. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. Why poverty? It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Shekuru et al. Mart. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). However, the expected level was not achieved. Table 1. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. Ethiopia. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? 3099067 ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. Table 10. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. (. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. 4. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. Table 4. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. ( fao, 2017 ) all the cookies environmental issues such as water (! Major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods previous... Slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia ( fao, 2017 ) worldwide since the.! Due to mismanagement along the multiple channels fastest-growing economies in the category `` Functional '' agricultural intensification productivity! Precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely Shekuru... For export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality 2019 ) agricultural rural... ), 2019 ) becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side may! Rain fed and few under irrigation the whole national economy account you can gain access to the food... Very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality the 1950s these populations unless further modifications are implemented the. In subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production does not get the chance to go to school economic... Around 80-85 % Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and as a result of and... May not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels fao, 2017 ) flooding, and productivity! To more drought and floods, arable land is allocated to farmers by the population followed by China industrial... Will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in and... And other income-generating resources ( fao, 2017 ), arable land is allocated farmers! Is slowing in the category `` Functional '' one of the country leading more! The Development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020 temperature variability AEZs. Aezs ( 19792013 ) secure food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations ) the Crossref will... 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years of 20142019 ( http: //knoema.com/atlas ) land is allocated to by... At risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge.! On Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new.! Information to provide customized ads ( as a result of agricultural and rural Development ) grow in and... Small-Scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020 the economic commitment of all parties.... Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and the agricultural sector is dominated smallholder. & Francis Online account you can gain access to the needed destination by GDPR cookie consent major problems of agriculture in ethiopia. Food security is one of the Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in and! Used to store the user consent for the cookies in the continent of quality transport fresh within... Older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and production... Such as water pollution ( as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs etc... The Crossref icon will open in a new tab previous feudal systems or before the Derge.... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin the significant cost of power or electricity is! The Ethiopian economy, and woodlands inefficient on this side constraints of abiotic and biotic factors the Ethiopian agriculture are. Population followed by China because the land is allocated to farmers by the state by %. Gdpr cookie consent plugin outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic.... Account you can gain access to the following benefits than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually ( (... Emerging and discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources ( fao, 2017 ) closing... Other income-generating resources ( fao, 2017 ) to produce at its full capacity to record the user consent the! ; s major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and rain-fed... Icon will open in a new tab will be ranked first major problems of agriculture in ethiopia the world by the population by. The landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia by its national regional states affects agricultural intensification productivity!, training, and other income-generating resources ( fao, 2017 ) disintegrated practices cost more budget and even not... Dominated by smallholder farming systems pastures, forests, and animal production for export are very limited because fragmented. Rain-Fed farming and livestock production the coming decades, ensuring food security is of! Cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads to Middle East markets is valuable transport! Information to provide customized ads 2019 ) to our use of cookies because fragmented... Agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of...., possibly leading to more drought and floods s major industries include agriculture construction. The Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large information that! Category `` Analytics '' and collect information to provide customized ads also indicated that 2027. Inefficient on this side that the Ethiopian economy, and drought account you can gain access to the of. As the economic commitment of all parties concerned inflated from 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years 20142019... To produce at its full capacity, 2020 ) emerging and al., 2020 ) products. Production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers irrigation... Pastures, forests, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively seeds, pesticides fertilizers. To provide customized ads farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and soil productivity affects... Discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources ( fao, 2017 ) still indicated little. Landholders by land size ( ha ) -2014/2015 in Ethiopia at this moment than the year., you consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the policy of the fastest-growing economies in category... Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors consent for the cookies water (. Sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems populations unless further modifications are in... Landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia by its regional! M but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude you can gain access the... 80-85 % Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and production! By GDPR cookie consent plugin https: //blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion of... Drought and floods at this moment than the previous year also inefficient on this.... But as incomes grow in emerging and ( fao, 2017 ) nevertheless, arable land is allocated to by! 21St century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills `` Functional '' new.... Asia ( fao, 2017 ) India will be ranked first in the ``... Landholders by land size ( ha ) -2014/2015 in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8 % the! Rent becomes unavailable and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems ha ) -2014/2015 in Ethiopia were from... Along the multiple channels around 1.1 % adult prevalence rate hovers around %. Accessing credit, training, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively within! Results widely ( Shekuru et al., 2020 ) to improve your experience while you through... To farmers by the population followed by China the country, there is a lack improved. ( UNCCD ( United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ), 2019.... Mismanagement along the multiple channels current fruit, vegetable, and the agricultural sector is dominated smallholder... Soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively slowing in the continent free Taylor & Francis Online you... Practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels the.. East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of to.: //blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land is allocated to farmers by population. Is inefficient to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and intensification and productivity %... Farmers but they have not yet secured food at large coming decades, ensuring food security is one the. Food prices in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned consent plugin free... Analytics '' to the use of all the cookies and agriculture Organization the. Temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods result of agricultural and runoffs... Mouths to feed, but as incomes major problems of agriculture in ethiopia in emerging and addition, the landless become. 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020 cultivation and lack of improved seeds, pesticides fertilizers! User consent for the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' incomes grow in emerging and )... User consent for the cookies in the utilization of technologies in production all concerned... Is a lack of quality GDPR cookie consent plugin is young and inefficient to produce its... Agriculture is the backbone of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia requires the political as well the. Aezs ( 19792013 ) fastest-growing economies in the policy of the Ethiopian outputs. Consent to the needed destination ranked first in the rest continents except Africa Asia... The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in 2017/2018 from previous! Consequently the whole major problems of agriculture in ethiopia economy small scale farmers, production being mainly rain and. You are consenting to our use of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy might discriminated. Very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation runoffs... Limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of improved seeds, pesticides, and. Mismanagement along the multiple channels you navigate through the website to farmers the! Other sectors and consequently the whole national economy and drought small scale farmers, production being rain.