But several recent studies have remedied this gap. doi: 10.1002/acp.1665, Wang, Q. The wide distribution of various types of negative expressions displayed by liars certainly suggested large individual differences in reactions to lying and responses to context. Future studies should include individuals from other cultural groups. The findings here, therefore, encourage closer, more precise examinations of the possibility that facial expressions of emotion, and microexpressions in particular, are indicators of deception. P. W. Dowrick (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons), 153165. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. 36, 469477. Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. (1982). Law Hum. Later, Ekman and colleagues (Frank et al., 1993) revised the above duration description to 0.504.0 s for other emotional expressions as well (but the rationale for the change of the lower limit from 0.67 to 0.50 s was not clear). Psychiatry 32, 88105. Altmetric, Part of the The Century Psychology Series book series (TCPS).
Child Dev. Psychol. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The experimental context modeled actual real-life checkpoint security screening procedures in which actors with malicious intent need to hide their intentions and with stakes involved regarding whether or not they were believed. Figure 1. Microexpressions of negative emotions occurring 0.40 and 0.50 s differentiated truthtellers and liars. Because of these cultural differences, the current findings lend credence to the utility and function of facial expressions of emotion in general, and microexpressions in particular, across cultures, consistent with the wealth of evidence documenting the universality of facial expressions of emotion (Hwang and Matsumoto, 2016). Emot. Microexpressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs (1966). doi: 10.1007/s11896-017-9250-0, Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H. C., and Sandoval, V. A. On the one hand, as argued many years ago (Matsumoto and Lee, 1993), even normally occurring, spontaneously produced expressions are learned and practiced so well during the process of socialization and enculturation that they are naturally produced spontaneously but still outside of conscious awareness. 2, 237254. Other researchers may or may not agree with our starting point. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). While all expressions (6.00 s) differentiated truthtellers from liars, this effect did not survive when expressions <1.00 s were filtered from the analyses; expressions 1.00 s differentiated truthtellers from liars with the highest accuracy classification. Contamination occurred minimally in the initial screening interview. Copyright 2006-2022 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. The above analyses focused on only the questions to which liars had to lie while truthtellers could just tell the truth, which was consistent with the literature. Six male actors, some of whom were former law enforcement officers and all above the age of 30 years, served as interviewers. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575. This checklist included 12 emotion words (guilt, fear, anger, embarrassment, worry, contempt, excitement, disgust, amusement, nervousness, surprise, and interest) rated on nine-point scales labeled 0 = None, 4 = Moderate Amount, and 8 = Extremely Strong. Lacking such evidence and given the exploratory nature of this initial production study and the sample size available to analyze in this study, we deemed the computation and use of composite negative scores as reasonable. Unable to display preview. Reliability between the coders was 0.83. All interviewers were trained to deliver the interviews in a neutral and objective manner and to stick with the predetermined interview questions. Available at: https://www.paulekman.com/resources/micro-expressions/, Perez-Rosas, V., Abouelenien, M., Mihalcea, R., and Burzo, M. (2015). 30, 1526. That the findings were not moderated by the ethnicity or sex of the participants was also noteworthy (but note the sample size limitation to test moderation effects described above). No one knows because no study to date has explored this issue. In fact, such procedures often seemed to give a more vivid picture of the nonverbal aspects of the therapistpatient interchange than when the film provided a reproduction of the events at the same speed with which they transpired in the therapy. Haggard and Isaacs (1966) were the first to discover microexpressions over half a century ago in their review of films of psychotherapy sessions. Once again, there was no difference between the percentage of truthtellers and liars producing negative expressions at 0.040.20 or 0.30 s. But there were significant differences in this percentage for all other durations, indicating that liars were significantly more likely than truthtellers to produce at least one negative expression during these durations. All these factors need to be accounted for in a more comprehensive framework in the future. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000202. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.02.008, Keywords: microexpressions, facial expressions of emotion, veracity, deception, checkpoints, Citation: Matsumoto D and Hwang HC (2018) Microexpressions Differentiate Truths From Lies About Future Malicious Intent. The neuroanatomical bases of emotional expressions suggest how this occurs: Facial expressions are under the neural control of two distinct areas of the brain, one controlling voluntary movements and the other controlling spontaneously occurring, involuntary movements (Rinn, 1984, 1991; Matsumoto and Lee, 1993). Fortunately, there is now a burgeoning literature examining differences between true and false intent (Granhag and Mac Giolla, 2014); but only a few studies of lies about intent for future malfeasance in criminal contexts exist (Burgoon et al., 2009; Vrij et al., 2011; Matsumoto et al., 2015). Transp. Emotions Revealed, 2nd Edn. Nonverbal behavior and psychopathology, in The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research, eds R. J. Friedman and M. Katz (Washington, DC: Winston and Sons), 331. Psychol. Soc. Hwang, H. C., and Matsumoto, D. (2016). The study of micro-expressions has undergone a big change as a result of contemporary development in the areas of humancomputer interaction (HCI) and affective computing. Copyright 2018 Matsumoto and Hwang. J. Pers. Paper presented at the 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, Verona. Being intrigued by this phenomenon, we set out on a long and tedious attempt to study the occurrence and meaning of these micromomentary expression changes and to relate them to other aspects of the therapeutic process. (Haggard and Isaacs, 1966, p. 154). Because the focus of this study was on the initial screening interview, no further mention of the remainder of the experiment will be made. 68, 608618. Another unique aspect of this study was our focus on expressions produced by participants in an initial, checkpoint-type screening interview prior to their gaining access to an area where the theft could occur. Also, microexpressions operationalized restrictively as those expressions that occurred between 1/25th and 1/5th s (0.040.20 s) occurred very rarely and did not differentiate truthtellers and liars. The film and projector thus become a sort of temporal microscope, in that they expand time sufficiently to enable the investigator to observe events not otherwise apparent to him. Such a study has never been published; in a strict sense, therefore, previous claims about the speeds of microexpressions have been arbitrary (which may be one reason why claims about speeds have differed over the years). The dependent variables in this article were facial expressions of emotions coded during the screening interview; these data were based on new manual coding of the archival video records of a different interview not previously done or reported elsewhere; therefore, the coding procedures, data, and findings reported here are entirely new to the literature. Various expression durations were tested concerning whether they differentiated between truthtellers and liars concerning their intent to commit a malicious act in the future. Conscious. But the participants emotional expressions to other questions were coded as well. These statistics provided strong support for microexpressions 0.40 and 0.50 s to differentiate truthtellers and liars, as well as for longer expressions (0.506.00 s) to do so (see Table 2 for summary of significant Veracity condition main effects). PubMedGoogle Scholar, Haggard, E.A., Isaacs, K.S. J. A novel method of examining facial affects in psychotherapeutic settings and interpreting the subliminal microexpressions and emotions they represent has been developed and is believed to be widely implementable. Rosenberg, E. L., and Ekman, P. (1994). (2012) examined whether the intensity of emotional arousal moderated the ability of microexpressions to differentiate truthful from deceptive individuals and reported that microexpressions could not do so. 77, 17941809. Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions of emotion. After their initial discovery, attention to microexpressions as possible clues to hidden emotions and deception increased primarily through the writings of Ekman and Friesen, who first wrote about them in two book chapters that described their review of interviews with psychotherapy patients (Ekman and Friesen, 1969, 1974). The History Behind Micro Expressions. Expressions of negative emotions occurring 6.00 s also differentiated truthtellers from liars but this finding did not survive when expressions 1.00 s were filtered from the data. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.52. Appl. As explained below, participants were randomly assigned to either a truth or lie condition (ntruth = 37, nlie = 40). Checkpoints and screening interviews are important layers of security in many domains of daily life, including airports, military installations, government facilities, private businesses, public venues, and the like. Given this empirical evidence, we operationalized microexpressions as expressions lasting 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, and 0.50 s. We also tested expressions occurring during the durations of normal, spontaneously occurring, non-concealed, non-repressed emotional expressions (0.506.00 s). (1966) Micro-Momentary Facial Expressions as Indicators of Ego Mechanisms in Psychotherapy. Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. Behav. Expressions of negative emotions occurring 6.00 s also differentiated truthtellers from liars but this finding did not survive when expressions 1.00 s were filtered from the data. No interaction involving Ethnicity or Sex was significant. Relations of maternal style and child self-concept to autobiographical memories in Chinese, Chinese Immigrant, and European American 3-Year-Olds. EMFACS coding was done in real-time and identified the occurrence of seven emotions: anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, or surprise. Ekman, P., Matsumoto, D., and Friesen, W. V. (1998). Participants also completed an emotion checklist at the beginning and end of the experiment. doi: 10.1002/jip.1423, Matsumoto, D., and Hwang, H. C. (2018). 64, 8393. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02116.x, Porter, S., ten Brinke, L., and Wallace, B. We operationalized microexpressions as expressions occurring less than the duration of spontaneously occurring, non-concealed, non-repressed facial expressions of emotion based on empirically documented findings, that is 0.50 s, and then more systematically 0.40, 0.30, and 0.20 s. We also compared expressions occurring between 0.50 and 6.00 s and all expressions 6.00 s. Microexpressions of negative emotions occurring 0.40 and 0.50 s differentiated truthtellers and liars. Our position is that the distinction between voluntary and involuntary expressions is not that clear and question whether that distinction can be made on the basis of expression duration. doi: 10.1037/h0077722. Psychol. Nonverbal Behav. J. Cros Cult. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. 35, 181191. Cogn. This exploratory study addresses this issue. doi: 10.1006/ccog.1993.1022, Micro Expressions (2018). As shown in Table 1, expressions occurred very rarely at 0.040.20 s and even at 0.30 s. But they did occur more frequently from 0.40 s and higher. Liars increased in guilt, fear, embarrassment, contempt, disgust, and amusement while truthtellers decreased in guilt, fear, embarrassment, worry, excitement, and increased in amusement (Cohens d = -0.75, -0.32, -0.40, -0.37, -0.22, -0.45, and 0.77, 0.40, 0.36, 0.80, 0.38, and -0.50, respectively). The GEQ is a commonly used measure of acculturation and ethnic identity and was included as a manipulation check for ethnic/cultural differences. Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., and Fridlund, A. We acknowledge that possibility. Individuals can be trained to spot microexpressions (Matsumoto and Hwang, 2011) and computer science technologies are being developed that can better identify nonverbal behavior and may play a role in such security contexts (Perez-Rosas et al., 2015; Carissimi et al., 2018). Police Crim. Operationalizing microexpressions as expressions occurring 0.50 s raises other considerations. After waiting a few minutes alone, the initial screening interview occurred. Duration was defined as the total time from the onset of an expression through its apex and until its offset. Even today, a major proponent of microexpressions defines them even more restrictively as facial expressions that occur within 1/25th of a second (emphasis ours; Micro Expressions, 2018; What are microexpressions?, 4 September). Finally, the current findings have applied implications. We hope that the transparency about our operationalization and the exploratory nature of this study allows for further research and theory on previously unfounded (but interesting) claims. Future studies should include individuals from other cultural groups the future not agree with our starting point need! Occurring 0.40 and 0.50 s raises other considerations differentiated between truthtellers and liars malicious act in the.. Gesture Recognition, Verona, served as interviewers and until its offset were trained to deliver the interviews in neutral! 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