Aerobic degradation requires that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas anaerobic Published only in Swedish), "The Miraculous Hemp Plant: History, Uses, and Benefits", 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632070.003.0005, "The U.S. Hemp Industry grows to $820mm in sales in 2017", "Information paper on industrial hemp (industrial cannabis)", "History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet", "Feasibility of Industrial Hemp Production in the United States Pacific Northwest, SB681", Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly, 1619, "Diary of George Washington, entry 7 August 1765", "Diary of George Washington, entry 22 August 1765", "Diary of George Washington, entry September 1765", "From George Washington to William Pearce, 29 May 1796", James F. Hopkins, "Slavery in the Hemp Industry", "American Chemical Society: THE FIRST NYLON PLANT. The concentrations of most additives are usually quite low, however high levels can be added to create Masterbatch products. [51], House that used hemp as one of its building materials, A mixture of fiberglass, hemp fiber, kenaf, and flax has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles. Wood. [42] The dwellings were studied and monitored for comparison with other building performances by BRE. In terms of revenue in 2014, the global market for polylactic acid Market was calculated to be USD 825.0 million and is projected to reach USD 2,657.8 million by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 16.3% from 2015 to 2022. (There wont be any spam. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. [42] A year later the first home made of hemp-based materials was completed in Asheville, North Carolina, US. [107], In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba. In 2018, New York began taking strides in industrial hemp production, along with hemp research pilot programs at Cornell University, Binghamton University and SUNY Morrisville. If you ask a recycling official in the U.S. what is the #1 source of contamination in a citys curbside program, the answer is almost always plastic bags. People see the recycling symbol on the product and assume it can be included with other plastics. The use of plastics in building and construction, textiles, transportation and electrical equipment also accounts for a substantial share of the plastics market. The development of plastics accelerated with Charles Goodyear's 1839 discovery of vulcanization to harden natural rubber. Hemp-based bioplastic is a biodegradable alternative to regular plastic and can potentially replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a material used for plumbing pipes. Hemp's use as a wood substitute will contribute to preserving biodiversity. [15], FAO argue that an optimum yield of hemp fiber is more than 2 tonnes per ha, while average yields are around 650kg/ha. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. [14][bettersourceneeded] A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the European Union was used in animal and bird feed. [41], Hemp insulation's porous materiality allows for air and moisture penetration, with a bulk density going up to 20% without losing any thermal properties. [30] In addition, its practical use in building construction could result in the reduction of both energy consumption costs and the creation of secondary pollutants. Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris. Graphene (/ r f i n /) is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. It was first discovered in 1932 by Wallace Carothers by heating lactic acid under vacuum Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic derived from non-toxic plants, such as corn starch. [37] The biodegradable hemp oil acts as a wood varnish, protecting flooring from mold, pests, and wear. (*Based on 7 washes a week and 18 wash bottles.) This has meant that paper from hemp is still expensive compared to paper from trees. [83], Cannabis sativa L. subsp. Microplastics are fragments of any type of plastic less than 5 mm (0.20 in) in length, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Chemicals Agency. PLA can be broken down to its original monomers by a thermal de-polymerization process or by hydrolysis. Paper bags are also nine times heavier, meaning they use more energy to transport. This is a controversial practice, but is nonetheless performed on a large scale. Medical implants such as screws, rods, pins and mesh have been made using PLA. [34], Hemp is classified under the green category of building design, primarily due to its positive effects on the environment. Worldwide, about 50kg of plastic is produced annually per person, with production doubling every ten years. This means using hemp instead of wood for paper would end the practice of poisoning Earth's waterways with chlorine or dioxins from wood paper manufacturing. Reach a wider audience with eye-catching posts. related to plastic bags. It can be used to make a wide range of products. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups called side chains hang from this backbone; they are usually hung from the monomers before the monomers themselves are linked together to form the polymer chain. Issues with permeability, brittleness, and low melting temperature will have to be addressed by further research, but it is safe to say that PLA will continue to substitute petroleum-based plastics for pharmaceutical and food packaging materials in the future. Short-term applications such as food containers, water bottles, and disposable cutlery are a popular use for PLA. Plastics are usually classified by the chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains. We will update you on new newsroom updates. A shotgun shell, shotshell or simply shell is a type of rimmed, cylindrical (straight-walled) cartridges used specifically in shotguns, and is typically loaded with numerous small, pellet-like spherical sub-projectiles called shot, fired through a smoothbore barrel with a tapered constriction at the muzzle to regulate the extent of scattering.A shell can sometimes also contain only a Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries continue to produce textile-grade fibre. [2], The Ocean Conservancy reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic into the sea than all other countries combined. [29] Following the co-heating tests of NNFCC Renewable House at the Building Research Establishment (BRE), hemp is reported to be a more sustainable material of construction in comparison to most building methods used today. It takes about 34 months for hemp stalks to reach maturity. Plasticity also has a technical definition in materials science outside the scope of this article referring to the non-reversible change in form of solid substances. [2] If global trends on plastic demand continue, it is estimated that by 2050 annual global plastic production will reach over 1,100 million tonnes.[2]. The ease with which PLA melts makes it a material that is easy to work with. [20][21] Global production capacity for bio-based plastics is estimated at 327,000 tonnes per year. The most common are either bag bans or bag taxes, while some have mandated that retailers who distribute bags must accept them for recycling. However, since 2010 Asia has emerged as a significant producer, with China accounting for 31% of total plastic resin production in 2020. To use the term biodegradable, products must conform to national or international standards. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell. Prior to the Montreal Protocol, CFCs had been commonly used in the manufacture of the plastic polystyrene, the production of which had contributed to depletion of the ozone layer. 2.34.4 kWh/lb; steel (from iron) 2.56.4 kWh/lb; and paper (from timber) 3.26.4 kWh/lb.[113]. In around 1600 BC, Mesoamericans used natural rubber for balls, bands, and figurines. We pomise.). Compounding is therefore done using extrusion equipment, which is able to supply the necessary heat and mixing to give a properly dispersed product. After the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with lime plaster. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of Cannabis grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%.[85]. By using lactide as a raw material and through the process of ring-opening polymerization, a high-density version of PLA was finally developed. In a 1796 letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him, Washington says, "What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer? The term macroplastics is used to differentiate microplastics from larger plastic waste, such as plastic bottles. North America (i.e. PLA can degrade quickly under the right conditions, specifically heat and hydrolysis, however, both are not immediately found in nature so a PLA bag left in soil can take nearly as long to degrade as a conventional plastic bag. Air-dried stem yields in Ontario have from 1998 and onward ranged from 2.6 to 14.0 tonnes of dry, retted stalks per hectare (15.5 t/ac) at 12% moisture. [120] In 1933, polyethylene was discovered by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) researchers Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett. These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field, so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides. Plastic fragmentation into microplastics and nanoplastics can allow chemical additives to move in the environment far from the point of use. Aerobic degradation requires that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas anaerobic degradation would be effective in landfill or composting systems. The amino acid profile of hemp seeds is comparable to the profiles of other protein-rich foods, such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy. The development of cheaper and more environment friendly processes by which PLA is made should result in the decrease of its price in the market, leading to its more widespread application. [35][37], Hemp is commonly used as an insulation material. [39], The most common variation of this building style is hempcrete; made of concrete-like blocks. Build, customize and manage your website on the go. [3] It may also be one of the earliest plants to have been cultivated. suited for a particular environments/latitudes, producing different ratios and compositions of terpenoids and cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBG, CBC, CBNetc. The process by which PLA Is made is also more environment-friendly. A nifty feature of thermoplastics is that they can be heated, set upon cooling, and reheated again to form other shapes without any degradation. The large size of these plants allows them to exploit economies of scale. This was traditionally followed by retting, either water retting (the bundled hemp floats in water) or dew retting (the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew and by molds and bacterial action). Many different chemicals are used as plastic additives. Completed nine years later, the buildings were found to be one of the most technologically advanced structures made of hemp-based material. [98][99][100] When performed correctly, this can reduce dependence on landfill, conserve resources and protect the environment from plastic pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Because carbon dioxide is consumed during the growth of corn, the net greenhouse gas emission of the overall PLA production process can even be considered negative. Hemp can be used as a "mop crop" to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. PLA is especially suitable in short lifespan applications such as in water bottles and food containers. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site, by way of a process which is known as phytoremediation the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air. When grown for nondrug purposes, hemp is referred to as industrial hemp, and a common product is fibre for use in a wide variety of products, as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and the oil. Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp. [135], Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa, "grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine) to East Asia (Tibet and China)," but, "textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age. Engineering plastics can replace metals in vehicles, reducing their weight, with a 10% reduction improving fuel efficiency by 6-8%. Materials such as dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and sometimes pieces of biodegradable plastic can potentially contaminate an entire batch of petroleum-based plastics and it will all need to be thrown away. Owing to concerns over the effects of such leachates, the EU has restricted the use of DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and other phthalates in some applications, and the US has limited the use of DEHP, DPB, BBP, DINP, DIDP, and DnOP in children's toys and child-care articles through the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act. You might have written this article 3 years ago and had no good information- but maybe you want to change it since you love diving into the latest and greatest in emerging technologies and seeing what they can do. [172] This increase amounted to more than 20 times the production in 1941 before the war effort. [44] As of January 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is spending $30 million to investigate indications of BPA's link to cancer. Small changes by thousands of individuals will have a lasting, positive impact. Around one tonne of bast fiber and 23 tonnes of core material can be decorticated from 34 tonnes of good-quality, dry-retted straw. In Europe, for example, for a plastic product to be deemed biodegradable it must: Engineering plastics are more robust and are used to make products such as vehicle parts, building and construction materials, and some machine parts. [131][132] An archeological site in the Oki Islands near Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant. Its use on the exterior of the structure, overlaid with breathable water-resistive barriers, eases the withdrawal of moisture from within the wall structure. Keep a bag collection bin in your house, such as one big garbage bag for all bags. The most commonly produced plastic consumer products include packaging made from LDPE (e.g. [4] The bast fibers can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as flax, cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make woven fabrics for apparel and furnishings. The compounding of thermosetting plastic is relatively straightforward; as it remains liquid until it is cured into its final form. [57] Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fibre, a significantly lower lignin fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and tensile strength. [176] Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and oakum. George Washington pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a cash crop commonly used to make rope and fabric. Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars, including Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Chrysler, Honda, Iveco, Lotus, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Saturn, Volkswagen[53] and Volvo. Over 30 countries produce industrial hemp, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece,[93] Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ukraine.[94][95]. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). [141] In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia, is now situated;[142] and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. [122] After that, the federal government created a Hemp Farming Pilot Program as a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014. This is needed because uncontrolled incineration of plastic produces polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, a carcinogen (cancer causing chemical). What are the benefits of the ecoegg Laundry Egg Refill Pellets? In China in 2016 there were over 15,000 plastic manufacturing companies, generating more than US$366 billion in revenue. Should you need replacement tourmaline pellets (the black ones) you can buy them here. Global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Is Projected To Reach USD 2.657.8 Million By 2022 Gain Partner benefits & scale your business. [4], The discovery of polyethylene terephthalate is credited to employees of the Calico Printers' Association in the UK in 1941; it was licensed to DuPont for the US and ICI otherwise, and as one of the few plastics appropriate as a replacement for glass in many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles in Europe. Try some limited edition refills here. [130] The classical Greek historian Herodotus (ca. Plastic bags are the most common and biggest cause of marine debris and most of the plastic in the ocean consists of plastic bags. The main companies producing plastics doubted the economic viability of recycling at the time, and the economic viability has never improved. According to the OECD, plastic contributed greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 1.8 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019, 3.4% of global emissions. [52] Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A. [82] Present in industrial hemp, cannabidiol is a major constituent among some 560 compounds found in hemp. A .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}100-gram (3+12-ounce) portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies 2,451 kilojoules (586 kilocalories) of food energy. Hazardous molds have been found aboard space stations that degrade rubber into a digestible form. [33], The most common use of hemp-lime in building is by casting the hemp-hurd and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering and tamping the mix to form a firm mass. Parkesine was unveiled at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and garnered for Parkes the bronze medal. [86] As the names imply, they target the stems reducing the structural integrity of the plant. [2], Other additives proven to be harmful such as cadmium, chromium, lead and mercury (regulated under the Minamata Convention on Mercury), which have previously been used in plastic production, are banned in many jurisdictions. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene.. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements and must be supported by brick, wood, or steel framing. The EU has a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood,[58] since the infrastructure for using hemp is underdeveloped. [35], Hemp fiber is known to have high strength and durability, and has been known to be a good protector against vermin. [87] Other foliar pests, found in both indoor and outdoor crops, include the hemp russet mite, Aculops cannibicola, and cannabis aphid, Phorodon cannabis. Authorizes the growth, production and transportation of hemp with a license, and directs the Department of Agriculture to submit a state plan to USDA. Further, decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production. [19] Hemp seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber (20% DV), B vitamins, and the dietary minerals manganese (362% DV), phosphorus (236% DV), magnesium (197% DV), zinc (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). [66] However, microplastics also accumulate in the air and terrestrial ecosystems. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Early applications of high-density PLA were mostly limited to biomedical areas due to its ability to be safely absorbed biologically. The mineral pellets contain no harmful chemicals and leave significantly less residue on your clothes versus traditional detergents and fabric conditioners. The structure of these side chains influences the properties of the polymer. [78][79], In the United States, the public's perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product,"[78] in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat. The plant has the ability to absorb large amounts of CO2, providing air quality, thermal balance, creating a positive environmental impact. In 1948, marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. In 2009, the US government banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic.[46]. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. Research is ongoing to come up with even more eco-friendly and cheaper methods of producing PLA. [41], Some plastic products degrade to chemicals with estrogenic activity. To produce high-density PLA, the lactic acid is heated in the presence of an acid catalyst to form cyclic lactide. Hemp paper does not require the use of toxic bleaching or as many chemicals as wood pulp because it can be whitened with hydrogen peroxide. In addition hemp possesses the ability to absorb and release moisture without deteriorating. The state of Victoria was an early adopter in 1998, and has reissued the regulation in 2008. I may consider medical partssince I been in medical for over 35 years. PLA packaging material has been found to be more permeable to moisture and oxygen compared to other plastics, which may result in faster food spoilage. In the presence of metal catalysts, lactide undergoes a ring-opening polymerization process to form high-density PLA. Creates the Hemp Regulatory Program Fund. [65] Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives (or even seeds) can be used. In contrast, global production of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), the world's leading petrochemical-derived polyolefins, was estimated at over 150 million tonnes in 2015.[22]. [dubious discuss]. Plastics are generally made from petroleum, thus the production of plastics creates further emissions. [48], It is estimated that this waste is made up of 81% polymer resin, 13% polymer fibres and 32% additives. Important groups classified in this way include the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastic bags dont biodegrade, meaning it will take hundreds of years for them to decompose in a landfill. They can have adverse effects on human health and biota. During the early times, only low-density PLA was produced. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. Huge Catalog! When it comes to disposal, both products are very easy to recycle, but paper bags are accepted in far more curbside programs. [59][60][61] Secondary microplastics arise from the degradation (breakdown) of larger plastic products through natural weathering processes after entering the environment. For example, mixing different coloured plastics with different plastic colorants together can produce a discoloured or brown material and for this reason plastic is usually sorted by both polymer type and color before recycling. Once released, some additives and derivatives may persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms. For example, additives in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can constitute up to 80% of the total volume. Plastic bags get consumed by fish and birds, causing them to choke and die a very painful death. Get inspired by unique designs & powerful websites built on Wix. However, this process usually results in the less-desired low-density PLA. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Subscribe to our newsletter to get interesting stories delivered to your inbox! The 2018 Farm Bill, which incorporated the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, removed hemp as a Schedule I drug and instead made it an agricultural commodity. Municipal solid waste incinerators also normally include flue gas treatments to reduce pollutants further. Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed, but phosphate may be tolerated. Shortly after, in the 2000s, Modece Architects used hemp-lime for test designs in Haverhill. Flower Pots and Square plastic planting pots, plant trays, root trainers, Plug propagation trays, seed trays. [47] Others estimate a cumulative human production of 8.3 billion tons of plastic, of which 6.3 billion tons is waste, with only 9% getting recycled. [46] The gradual absorption and release of water prevent the material from cracking and breaking apart. Root feeders can be difficult to detect and control because of their below surface habitat. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. [101][102] No, but there are a number of state and local community laws related to plastic bags. Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power diesel engines. Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France. Thermosets, or thermosetting polymers, can melt and take shape only once: after they have solidified, they stay solid. [87] Integrated pest management strategies should be employed to manage these pests with prevention and early detection being the foundation of a resilient program. Deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China (2020) show the presence of plastics in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics, leading to suspected underestimation of microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys. However, the production of plastics is also responsible for substantial environmental, health and socioeconomic impacts.[55]. PLA is one of the two plastics most commonly used in 3D printing (the other one being Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, or ABS). For example, to produce iron (from iron ore) requires 2.5-3.2 kWh/lb of energy; glass (from sand, etc.) Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber. These chains comprise many repeating units formed from monomers. [2], In 2017 the global plastics market was dominated by thermoplastics polymers that can be melted and recast. Some of the ways to mitigate the problem are discussed. It was first discovered in 1932 by Wallace Carothers by heating lactic acid under vacuum while removing condensed water. Short video on injection molding (9 min 37 s), Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers, Amorphous plastics and crystalline plastics, The majority of polyurethanes are thermosets, however some thermoplastics are also produced, for instance, found in all the world's major water bodies, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylenes, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, International Agency for Research on Cancer, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Drowning in Plastics Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics", "The environmental impacts of plastics and micro-plastics use, waste and pollution: EU and national measures", "Applications and societal benefits of plastics", "Bakelite: The World's First Synthetic Plastic", "Biochemical Opportunities in the UK, NNFCC 08-008 NNFCC", "Bioplastics industry shows dynamic growth", "Becoming Employed in a Growing Bioplastics Industry - bioplastics MAGAZINE", "Global Market Trends and Investments in Polyethylene and Polyproplyene", "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made", "Top 100 Producers: The Minderoo Foundation", https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5716/0752/4286/AF_Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf, "Sustainable packaging materials for snacks", "An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling", "Mapping exercise Plastic additives initiative - ECHA", "Emission Scenario Documents: N3 Plastic Additives (2004, revised in 2009)", "Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife", "Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: a potential health problem that can be solved", "Perinatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects body weight, patterns of estrous cyclicity, and plasma LH levels", "The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance", "More Kids' Products Found Containing Unsafe Chemicals", "Five Asian Countries Dump More Plastic Into Oceans Than Anyone Else Combined: How You Can Help", "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea", "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers", "Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments", "Growing environmental footprint of plastics driven by coal combustion", "Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris", "Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (MediterraneanCorsica)", "Restricting the use of intentionally added microplastic particles to consumer or professional use products of any kind", "Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis", "Plastic free July: How to stop accidentally consuming plastic particles from packaging", "Development solutions: Building a better ocean", "More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic.
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